Authors - Meixin Hu, Chuanchen BI Abstract - Secret-sharing schemes are fundamental cryptographic primitives en- abling secure distribution of sensitive information among multiple parties. Orig- inally introduced to protect cryptographic keys, they have evolved into power- ful tools underpinning modern secure multiparty computation, distributed stor- age, blockchain systems, and privacy-preserving machine learning. This review presents a systematic overview of threshold secret-sharing schemes, ramp con- structions, and secret-sharing schemes for arbitrary access structures. We discuss information-theoretic foundations, lower bounds, structural generalizations, and recent advances. Furthermore, we highlight emerging applications in distributed computing, post-quantum cryptography, and secure AI systems.
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